221803ELICIA
~UNIT 21: FILM EDITING~
:TYPE:
SHOT
The term 'shot' in film editing means a continues view/footage without interruption also when the camera is rolling, a shot is stopped until the camera has stopped rolling.
Example:
SEQUENCE
EDITING
The term 'sequence' in film editing means a numerous amount of shots taken. An example of this a storyline to tell the viewers of what is going on in that specific sequence.
The term 'editing' in film editing means by deleting and arranging different shots/scenes/sequences, adding and synchronising a sound to a shot so it can match the mood/tone of that specific shot.
ROLE
The term 'role' in film editing means what an actor or singer can play in a film, as to why they are given characters. For example, Tom Holland was given the role of Spider-man.
Example:
CONTUINITY
The term 'continuity' in film editing is the process of editing different shots but are related shots given to the viewers. An example of this is, two characters speaking opposite each other.
NON-CONTUINITY
The term 'non-continuity' in film editing is when shots are mismatched and time is disrupted and cuts the illusion of reality. An example of this is a flash back.
MONTAGE EDITING
The term 'montage editing' in film editing is putting together separate pieces of thematically related film and creates a continuous sequence.
:HISTORY:
Louis Le Prince:
Louis Le Prince was born 28 August 1841 Metz, France and died in 1890, but he disappeared 16 September 1890 as he was promised he would rejoin his friends in Paris to England. He also invented the 16 lens camera in 1886. Louis Le Prince was a French artist as he was probably the first person to shoot a moving picture using a single camera.
Thomas Edison:
Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and business man. He was born in 11 February 1847, Milan, Ohio USA and died 18 October 1931 West Orange, New Jersey, USA. He invented sound recording, motion picture camera and many more devices.
Lumiere Brothers:
The Lumiere Brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumiere were French manufactures and the inventor of the cinematograph and the autochrome they also created short films making them one of the earliest filmmakers. Auguste Lumiere born October 19th 1862 and died April 10th 1954 aged 91. Louis Lumiere was born October 5th 1864 and died June 6th 1948.
Edwin S Porter:
Edwin Stanton Porter was an American film pioneer and invented the technique of dramatic technique editing. He was born April 21st 1870, Connellsville, Pennsylvania, USA and died April 30st 1941, New York USA.
D.W Griffith:
D.W Griffith was an American film director and he pioneered many aspects of film editing. He won the 'Academy Honorary Award'. He was born 22 January 1875, Crest
Lev Kuleshov:
Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov was a Russian filmmaker and a film theorist. He created the Kuleshov effect which is the 'montage' effect created by Lev himself in the 1910s and 1920s. He was born January 13th 1899, Tambov, Russia and died March 29th 1970, Moscow, Russia.
Rouben Mamoulian:
Rouben Zachary Mamoulian was an American film and theatre director and motion picture director. He was born October 8th 1897, Tbilisi Georgia and died December 4th 1987, Woodland Hill, California USA. He also achieved DGA lifetime achievement award and he also wrote a book.
George Milies:
George Milies was a French illusionist actor and film director. He made many innovations in motion pictures, he was also one of the first to film fictional narratives. He led many narratives and technical developments in the early days of cinema.
Alfred Hitchock:
Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English filmmaker. He had directed 50+ feature films. He was mainly known as a director for using suspense and twist endings. He was born 13 August 1899 Leytonstone, London and died 29 April 1980 Bel Air Los-Angeles, USA.
Steven Spielberg:
Steven Spielberg is a famous American director and producer. The most well known films he's directed was 'Jaws' and 'Jurassic park'. He is known to be the most successful director of all time. He was born 18 December 1946, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
:TECHNIQUES:
:Cross-cutting/Parallel editing:
:STRAIGHT CUT:
A straight cut is a transition from one shot to the next with no effects.
Cross-cutting/Parallel editing is the editing technique of switching back and fourth between scenes.
:Quick cuts:
Quick cuts is when the duration of several shots are brief
:long takes:
Long take is a one take shot that continues for a long time before transition used.
:Elliptical editing:
Elliptical editing is used to compress the amount of time a visual text plays out. For example, its not in real time.
:Cutaways:
A cutaway is a shot, that cuts to the location in order to help establish the scenes.
:shot/reverse shot:
Shot/reverse shot is when the camera alternates between different subjects having a conversation or interaction.
:eyeline match:
Eyeline match is when a shot cuts to an object or person that a character was looking at in a previous shot.
:L-Cut:
An L-Cut is an audio from one scene or shot overlap onto the visuals from the text.
:reaction shot:
Reaction shot is a shot taken to show a subjects non-verbal reaction to the previous shots action so no dialouge is included.
:30 degree rule:
30 degree rule is when the editor cuts to the same character in another shot but the other shot must be positioned at 30 degrees.
:J-Cut:
A J-Cut is scene transitions where the audio of the next scene or shot precedes the image to change.
:jump cut:
A jump cut is a sequential shot that makes the action look like a leap in time.
:match on action:
Match on action is the cutting of various different shots in order to display a seamless continuation of action,
:180 degree rule:
180 degree rule is two or more characters having a conversation with each other in a scene always having the same left/right interaction.
:establishing shot:
Establishing shot welcomes a new scene with a new location telling the audience where a new scene is happening.
:split screen:
A split screen is when the screen can be split into 2 or more times in a frame that can show different events happening at the same time.
:Cut-ins:
A cut in is when a particular part of a scene where it enhances the mood and understanding of a moment to add continuity of a scene.
:slow motion:
Slow motion is when the speed of the frame is slower than the live-action.
:graphic match:
Graphic match is when the shapes/colours of two shots match in composition.
:freeze frame:
Freeze frame is when a frame is shown many times on the screen freezing the action making it look like a photograph as it freezes.
flashback/flash forward:
A flashback/ Flash forward are often used to recount events that has happened or what is going to happen in a film.
:transitions- fades + dissolves + washes + wipes
A fade is when the screen fades to black.
A transition is a technique used to replace a straight cut from one shot to the next.
A dissolve is when the previous shot dissolves into the next.
A wash is when the colour changes to white.
A wipe is when one shot wipes onto another shot on the screen.
:NARRATIVE DEVICES:
Enigma Codes
Unknown elements that need solving (Barthes).
Non- linear
Order of events jump around in terms of time - flashbacks.
Serial Narrative
A story arc that runs across all episodes.
Flexi-Narrative
Mixture of series and serial, closure of one story arc within an episode [series] but with other, ongoing story arcs (serial).
Unrestricted Narrative
The viewer is privy to certain knowledge or info that is denied to characters within the text (Narrative Voyeurism).
Linear
Chronological order of events (Todorov).
Multi-strand narrative
Narrative contains different Arcs.
Series Narrative
Each episode comprises of self-contained narrative.
Episodic Drama
Involves different characters and locations, covers a lengthy period of time and includes sub plots in addition to main story.
Restricted Narrative
The amount of info the audience are given is limited as the viewers only know as much as the character (diegetic).
~PURPOSES~
MANIPULATING THE SENSE OF TIME (LINEAR/NON-LINEAR NARRATIVES):
CONTROLLING THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE TO CREATE A LOGICAL AND BELIEVABLE SPACE BETWEEN CHARACTERS/OBJECTS NOT SHARING THE SAME SHOT/ANGLE:
A split screen gives the viewers a different perspective of the same scene. This allows the actor or actors to appear more than once in a scene.
Controlling the rhythm and pace of to control the flow of the production:
Creating a sense of drama through the withholding of information:
Engaging the viewer through suspense and causing an audience reaction:
Creating a narrative through motivation (motivated editing);
A reverse shot helps with consistency and to present the different perspectives. Parallel editing creates a cohesive video and connects storylines.
Embracing continuity between different shots/angles;
Match on action because it has a seamless flow and helps with the continuity. 180 degree rule prevents audience disorientation and shows different angles.
Form meaning by juxtaposing elements within editing and creating a sense of personal connection and empathy with a character:
:LAA~CORE ASSESEMENT:
:Horror Film Trailer:
:Winnie the Pooh Blood & Honey:
In Rhys Waterfield Winnie the Pooh:Blood and honey uses an establishing shot from 0:03-0:06 at the begging of the trailer to show where the movie trailer is set. Birds eye view is imported from 0:07-0:08 to show the viewers that there are people driving and this may make the characters look miniature and inferior as they are surrounded by a big forest.
The editing technique of cross dissolve is used from 0:06-0:07 to show that another shot is coming in as it dissolves into the previous shot. This alerts the audience to a change in scenery as the location is shifting to a different point of the forest so the audience has a closer look at where the charters are going.
Throughout the whole trailer low key lighting was used to show that the trailer's genre is horror. The producer might have used lowkey lighting to show the viewers that many of the scenes are scary and build suspense. Low key lighting. is used to create more shadows, emphasising dark tones and creates mystery. An ISO of 100 is used to show that there are lovely crisp shots as it is normally used.
:Music video- Options NSG ft. Tion Wayne:
The quick cuts used in NSG's music video options establishes how fast the beat of the music video is. This editing technique produces the viewers to think that the target audience is mainly for teenagers and younger adults as this is what they may like to watch/listen to on a daily basis. The quick cuts may have been presented to show the audience that a lot of movement may have been cut into short shots so that the viewers do not get bored of how long different dance movements may be and can get more entertained and hype as the quick cuts brings more action to the music video. In my opinion I feel like the editor could've used slow motion to manipulate time and make the audience feel like they are not part of reality and are moving in a different time to the NSG group.
:TV Show Promo- Pretty Little Liars:
At 0:41-0:42 a reverse shot is seen but there was only one camera character in shot so it made it seem a bit unusual. This may have been done to show the viewers the different angle of the female character and the poster on the wall. I believe that the editor could've added another character for the girl to interact with so that it can be more engaging for the audience and so that it doesn't look odd/abnormal to look at. If there was another character added the use of the 180 degree rule would've been helpful to show the interaction and conversation between 'the two characters'.
At the beginning of the video the editing technique split screen was used to show the different main characters projected on screen and where their located. Lindsay Calhoon and Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa might have done this to show the various perspectives of the characters but they all have the same facial expression of being confused and speechless. In my opinion I think that the editors done a good job as they would want the audience to feel a bit on edge and create a sense of suspense and tension also the use of lighting helps create a darker mood to show mystery.
From 0:29-0:30 we can see the editing transition 'fade' as the screen fades to black after the female character has found out that her mother has died in the bathroom. The colour black can connote death, grief, darkness and mourning but as the scene fades to another scene the setting and lighting has changed to something more 'positive'. I think that the editors have done this to show the different perspectives of the female character being terrified, scared and shocked to being calm, peaceful and undisturbed The editors could've used a lot more reaction shots to show the characters facial expressions.
Her facial expression of her mother's blood on the tiles.
~Continuity Video~
~ Two people on a date Continuity Video ~
-Development Portfolio-
For my continuity sequence I was asked to pick out of 4 scenarios to film and edit a continuity sequence. The scenario I chose was 'A couple meet for the first time on a date' . The reason why I picked this scenario is because I thought it was something I would be comfortable filming. This made me add different shots and angles and I didn't break continuity. I included editing techniques such as long shot, jump cut, match on action. I included match on action to make it seamless and to show Joel opening the door for Cynthia. I applied a jump cut cut to show a different part of the restaurant showing James pouring apple juice into a glass. One thing I did change from my shortlist is that I didn't include a POV of Joel looking at the menu, however I did add a fade to the end of the sequence to show that the video is ending. I imported a shot reverse shot to show the different perspective of Cynthia walking towards Joel. One thing that went well with this sequence was how seamless the match on action was although it was hard to film it still looked good in the end. One major thing I would change in my sequence is the lighting to be a bit brighter as it didn't really match the mood being set. One thing I noticed was that I didn't include a big close up of both Joel and Cynthia looking into each others eyes to show a personal connection between the two.
~Nom-Continuity Video experiment~
~A promotional advert for a product~
~Development Portfolio~
For my non-continuity sequence I was asked to pick 4 different scenarios and to film and edit a non-continuity sequence. The scenario I picked was 'Promotional advert for a product' the reason I picked this is because I wanted to see if I had the skill to try film and edit an advert for a multi gaming company. The context was Christina and Cynthia playing a game that has different levels and they are playing against each other. I included techniques such as POV, shot reverse shot, over the shoulder and high angle. One thing I did include was a flashback and a flash forward back into reality showing Cynthia leaning from her mistakes throughout the advert and finally succeeding at the end. I used split screen to show both Christina and Cynthia looking for a game to play. If I was to do this again I would like to add more shots and add different transitions as there wasn't that much shots in the advert. One thing that went well was the Over the shoulder shot I took as we are able to see both Cynthia and Christina playing against each other without being told to the audience.
Horror trailer
